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RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: El tratamiento de los pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV) que requieren implante de stents coronarios es un desafío. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar si el cierre de la orejuela izquierda (COI) podría ser una opción posible y beneficiosa para estos pacientes. Para ello, se analiza el impacto del COI más tratamiento antiagregante plaquetario (AP) en comparación con la combinación de anticoagulantes orales (ACO), incluidos los ACO directos, y tratamiento AP en los resultados a largo plazo de estos pacientes Métodos: Se analizaron los resultados de 207 pacientes con FANV sometidos consecutivamente a implante de stents coronarios. Recibieron ACO 146 pacientes (74 acenocumarol, 71 ACO de acción directa) y en 61 se realizó COI. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 35 meses. Los pacientes también recibieron tratamiento AP por prescripción de su cardiólogo. El estudio recibió la debida supervisión ética. Resultados: La edad (media: 75,7 años) y el antecedente de accidente vascular cerebral fueron similares en ambos grupos, aunque el grupo de COI presentó más características desfavorables (antecedente de enfermedad de las arterias coronarias [CHA2DS2-VASc], antecedente de hemorragias significativas [BARC ≥ 2] y HAS-BLED). La aparición de acontecimientos adversos graves (muerte, accidente vascular cerebral, accidente isquémico transitorio, hemorragia grave) y cardiovasculares graves (muerte de causa cardiaca, acciden-te vascular cerebral, accidente isquémico transitorio, infarto de miocardio) fue significativamente mayor en el grupo de ACO que en el de COI: 19,75 frente a 9,06% (HR = 2,18; p = 0,008) y 6,37 frente a 1,91% (HR =3,34; p = 0,037), respectivamente. Conclusiones: La combinación de COI y tratamiento AP en pacientes con FANV conlleva mejor pronóstico clínico a largo plazo que el tratamiento con ACO y terapia AP, a pesar de las características basales desfavorables del grupo de COI.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: The treatment of patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) who need coronary stenting is challenging. The objective of the study was to determine whether left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) could be a feasible option and benefit these patients. To this end, we studied the impact of LAAO plus antiplatelet drugs vs oral anticoagulants (OAC) (including direct OAC) plus antiplatelet drugs in these patients’ long-term outcomes. Methods: The results of 207 consecutive patients with NVAF who underwent coronary stenting were analyzed. A total of 146 patients were treated with OAC (75 with acenocoumarol, 71 with direct OAC) while 61 underwent LAAO. The median follow-up was 35 months. Patients also received antiplatelet therapy as prescribed by their cardiologist. The study received the proper ethical oversight. Results: Age (mean 75.7 years), and the past medical history of stroke were similar in both groups. However, the LAAO group had more unfavorable characteristics (history of coronary artery disease [CHA2DS2-VASc], and significant bleeding [BARC ≥ 2] and HAS-BLED). The occurrence of major adverse events (death, stroke/transient ischemic events, major bleeding) and major cardiovascular events (cardiac death, stroke/transient ischemic attack, and myocardial infarction) were significantly higher in the OAC group compared to the LAAO group: 19.75% vs 9.06% (HR, 2.18; P.= .008) and 6.37% vs 1.91% (HR, 3.34; P.= .037), respectively. Conclusions: In patients with NVAF undergoing coronary stenting, LAAO plus antiplatelet therapy produced better long-term outcomes compared to treatment with OAC plus antiplatelet therapy despite the unfavorable baseline characteristics of the LAAO group.

Sr. Editor: En la embolia de pulmón (EP), la terapia dirigida por catéter está indicada en pacientes de alto riesgo (EP-AR) si la trombólisis sistémica está contraindicada o ha fallado (indicación IIA, C), y como rescate en pacientes de intermedio-alto riesgo (EP-IAR) cuando sufren deterioro hemodinámico, como alternativa a la trombólisis sistémica (indicación IIA, C)1. Sin embargo, las guías de práctica clínica no especifican el tipo de terapia dirigida por catéter ideal. Esta puede ser trombólisis local, que consiste en la infusión directa en la arteria pulmonar (intratrombo) de dosis variables (alrededor del 20% de la dosis sistémica) de fármacos trombolíticos (alteplasa o tenecteplasa), o trombectomía mecánica por aspiración, que consiste en la extracción del trombo (con o sin fragmentación previa). Finalmente, se puede optar por una estrategia mecánico-farmacológica combinando las 2 técnicas de manera secuencial2. Se presenta la experiencia inicial de trombectomía mecánica por aspiración con el dispositivo FlowTriever (Inari, Estados Unidos) en 4 centros de España y Portugal. El Comité Ético del Hospital Clínico San Carlos aprobó el registro y se obtuvo el consentimiento informado de los participantes. Se trata de un sistema de tromboaspiración de 24 Fr con tubuladuras sobredimensionadas y accesorios para optimizar la extracción del trombo3,4. Son...

To the Editor, Catheter-directed therapy is indicated in high-risk patients (PE-HR) to treat pulmonary embolism (PE) when systemic thrombolysis is contraindicated or has failed (indication IIA, C). Also, as a bailout therapy in intermediate/high-risk patients (PE-IHR) with hemodynamic impairment as an alternative to systemic thrombolysis (indication IIA, C).1 However, clinical practice guidelines do not specify which is the optimal catheter-directed therapy that should be used. It can be local thrombolysis that consists of the direct infusion of variable doses (around 20% of systemic dose) of thrombolytic drugs (alteplase or tenecteplase) into the pulmonary artery (intra-thrombus) or else mechanical thrombectomy with direct aspiration catheter that consists of thrombus extraction (with or without previous fragmentation). Finally, a mechanical-pharmacological strategy with both techniques combined can be used sequentially.2 This is the early experience of mechanical thrombectomy with direct aspiration using the FlowTriever retrieval/aspiration system (Inari, United States) of 4 Spanish and Portuguese centers. The Hospital Clínico San Carlos ethics committee approved the registry and obtained the participants’ written informed consent. The FlowTriever is a 24-Fr thrombus aspiration system with an oversized tube and accessories to optimize thrombus extraction.3,4 These are 3 cases of PE-HR with contraindication for systemic thrombolysis and 7 cases of PE-IHR treated...

RESUMEN La calcificación coronaria es probablemente el mayor determinante de un mal resultado de la angioplastia y se asocia a mayores tasas de eventos adversos. En la actualidad existen distintas técnicas de modificación de la placa basadas en balones o en dispositivos específicos. El conocimiento de sus características y su uso adecuado son aspectos clave para el tratamiento óptimo de las lesiones calcificadas. Este artículo de posicionamiento, promovido desde la Asociación de Cardiología Intervencionista de la Sociedad Española de Cardiología (ACI-SEC), describe las técnicas de modificación de la placa existentes en la actualidad y propone un algoritmo para el tratamiento de la lesión calcificada.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: The optimal time to perform a diagnostic coronary angiography in patients admitted due to non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS) and start pretreatment with dual antiplatelet therapy is controversial. Our study aims to identify the current diagnostic and therapeutic approach, and clinical progression of patients with NSTEACS in our country. Methods: The IMPACT-TIMING-GO trial (Impact of time of intervention in patients with myocardial infarction with non-ST segment elevation. Management and outcomes) is a national, observational, prospective, and multicenter registry that will include consecutive patients from 24 Spanish centers with a clinical diagnosis of NSTEACS treated with diagnostic coronary angiography and with present unstable or causal atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. The study primary endpoint is to assess the level of compliance to clinical practice guidelines in patients admitted due to NSTEACS undergoing coronary angiography in Spain, describe the use of antithrombotic treatment prior to cardiac catheterization, and register the time elapsed until it is performed. Major adverse cardiovascular events will also be described like all-cause mortality, non-fatal myocardial infarction and non-fatal stroke, and the rate of major bleeding according to the BARC (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium) scale at 1- and 3-year follow-up. Results: This study will provide more information on the impact of different early management strategies in patients admitted with NSTEACS in Spain, and the degree of implementation of current recommendations into the routine clinical practice. It will also provide information on these patients’ baseline and clinical characteristics. Conclusions: This is the first prospective study conducted in Spain that will be reporting on the early therapeutic strategies—both pharmacological and interventional—implemented in our country in patients with NSTEACS after the publication of the 2020 European guidelines, and on the clinical short- and long-term outcomes of these patients.

ABSTRACT Coronary artery calcification is probably the main determinant of the poor outcome of percutaneous coronary interventions and is associated with higher rates of adverse events. There are currently different balloon or specific device-based plaque modification techniques available. Knowing their characteristics and proper use is key for the optimal treatment of calcified lesions. This position paper—promoted by the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC)—describes existing plaque modification techniques currently available and proposes an algorithm for the management of calcified lesions.

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: El momento óptimo para la realización de un cateterismo diagnóstico en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST (SCASEST) y la necesidad de pretratamiento con doble antiagregación son motivo de controversia. Este estudio pretende conocer el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico actual, así como la evolución clínica de los pacientes con SCASEST en España. Métodos: El estudio IMPACT of Time of Intervention in patients with Myocardial Infarction with Non-ST seGment elevation. ManaGement and Outcomes (IMPACT-TIMING-GO) es un registro nacional observacional, prospectivo y multicéntrico, que incluirá pacientes consecutivos con diagnóstico de SCASEST tratados con coronariografía diagnóstica y que presenten enfermedad coronaria aterosclerótica inestable o causal en 24 centros españoles. El objetivo primario del estudio es conocer el grado de cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de las guías de práctica clínica en pacientes que ingresan por SCASEST tratados con coronariografía en España, describir el uso del tratamiento antitrombótico antes del cateterismo y determinar el tiempo hasta este en la práctica clínica real. Se describirán también los eventos adversos cardiovasculares mayores: mortalidad por cualquier causa, infarto no fatal e ictus no fatal, y también la incidencia de hemorragia mayor según la escala BARC (Bleeding Academic Research Consortium) durante el seguimiento a 1 y 3 años. Resultados: Este registro permitirá mejorar el conocimiento en relación con el abordaje terapéutico inicial en pacientes que ingresan por SCASEST en España. Contribuirá a conocer sus características basales y su evolución clínica, así como el grado de adherencia y cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de las que se dispone actualmente. Conclusiones: Se trata del primer estudio prospectivo realizado en España que permitirá conocer las estrategias terapéuticas iniciales, tanto farmacológicas como intervencionistas, que se realizan en nuestro país en pacientes con SCASEST tras la publicación de las guías europeas de 2020, y la evolución clínica de estos pacientes a corto y largo plazo.

Abstract We propose the use of reduced order modeling (ROM) to reduce the computational cost and improve the convergence rate of nonlinear solvers of full order models (FOM) for solving partial differential equations. In this study, a novel ROM-assisted approach is developed to improve the computational efficiency of FOM nonlinear solvers by using ROM’s prediction as an initial guess. We hypothesize that the nonlinear solver will take fewer steps to the converged solutions with an initial guess that is closer to the real solutions. To evaluate our approach, four physical problems with varying degrees of nonlinearity in flow and mechanics have been tested: Richards’ equation of water flow in heterogeneous porous media, a contact problem in a hyperelastic material, two-phase flow in layered porous media, and fracture propagation in a homogeneous material. Overall, our approach maintains the FOM’s accuracy while speeding up nonlinear solver by 18–73% (through suitable ROM-assisted FOMs). More importantly, the proximity of ROM’s prediction to the solution space leads to the improved convergence of FOMs that would have otherwise diverged with default initial guesses. We demonstrate that the ROM’s accuracy can impact the computational efficiency with more accurate ROM solutions, resulting in a better cost reduction. We also illustrate that this approach could be used in many FOM discretizations (e.g., finite volume, finite element, or a combination of those). Since our ROMs are data-driven and non-intrusive, the proposed procedure can easily lend itself to any nonlinear physics-based problem.

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: La embolia coronaria de origen sistémico representa uno de los mecanismos de infarto agudo de miocardio de causa no aterosclerótica. Sin embargo, el perfil epidemiológico, clínico y angiográfico de esta entidad no ha sido aún bien definido. Nuestro objetivo fue describir las características clínicas y angiográficas y el pronóstico de los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA) de origen embólico (SCA-E), compararlos con aquellos debidos a aterosclerosis (SCA-A) e identificar predictores clínicos de SCA-E. Métodos: Todos los pacientes con SCA atendidos en un hospital terciario entre 2003 y 2018 se clasificaron en SCA-E (n = 40) o SCA-A (n = 4.989) e incluidos de forma prospectiva en un registro multipropósito. Resultados: Entre los pacientes con SCA-E existía mayor proporción de jóvenes (27,5 frente a 9,6% tenían menos de 45 años, p

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: Systemic coronary artery embolism is one of the mechanisms of acute myocardial infarction of nonatherosclerotic origin. However, the epidemiological, clinical, and angiographic profile of this entity has not been properly established yet. Our objective was to describe the clinical characteristics, angiographic features, and prognosis of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) due to systemic embolism (ACS-E), compare them to those due to coronary atherosclerosis (ACS-A), and identify predictive clinical factors of ACS-E. Methods: All consecutive patients with ACS—admitted to a tertiary hospital from 2003 through 2018—were classified as ACS-E (n = 40) or ACS-A (n = 4989), and prospectively recruited on a multipurpose database. Results: Patients with ACS-E were younger (27.5% vs 9.6% were < 45 years old, P < .001), more often women (42.5% vs 22.5%, P = .003), and had higher rates of atrial fibrillation (AF) (40.0% vs 5.3%, P < .001), previous stroke (15.0% vs 3.6%, P < .001), active neoplasms (17.5% vs 6.9%, P =.009), and previous valvular surgery (12.5% vs 0.5%, P < .001). Also, a higher proportion of them were on warfarin (27.5% vs 2.9%, P < .001). The most frequent culprit vessel was the left anterior descending coronary artery in both groups. A percutaneous coronary intervention was attempted in all patients with ACS-A, and in 75.0% of those with ACS-E (P < .001) being successful in 99.1% and 80.0%, respectively. The in-hospital all-cause mortality rate was 15.0% regarding ACS-E, and 4.0% in the control group (P < .001). A multivariate analysis was performed to study the independent predictors of ACS-E, identify AF, previous valvular surgery, and active neoplasms, younger age, and female sex. Conclusions: ACS-E and ACS-A have different clinical and angiographic characteristics. Atrial fibrillation, previous valvular surgery, active neoplasms, younger age, and female sex were all independent predictors of ACS-E.

In current clinical practice, commissural alignment of the transcatheter heart valve (THV) during transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is seldom achieved. Orientation of the THV within the aortic root and the subsequent influence upon leaflet haemodynamic function, coronary blood flow, and ease of access to the coronary ostia are gaining significant interest. Herein, we review the incidence and clinical implications of commissural misalignment in TAVI and offer thorough descriptions of how optimal alignment can be achieved with several different contemporary THV devices.

BackgroundThe optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) ought to be determined taking into account individual ischaemic or bleeding events risks. To date, studies have provided inconclusive evidence on the effects of prolonged DAPT. We sought to evaluate the long-term outcomes of this strategy following percutaneous revascularization in the context of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).MethodsRetrospectively from four centers in Madrid, we identified 750 consecutive ACS patients, divided in two groups of DAPT duration: 13 months, with a mean follow-up of 48 months.ResultsPatients with DAPT > 13 months had a higher non-adjusted incidence of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events (11.6% vs. 17.3%) and new revascularization (3.7% vs. 8.7%). Differences in all-cause death, cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis and stroke were non-significant. There was no difference in the incidence of major bleeding (7.4% vs. 6.3%). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that the independent risk predictors of MACE were age (HR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02–1.06, p

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: La seguridad de la revascularización fisiológica en pacientes diabéticos ha sido poco investigada. El objetivo fue determinar la seguridad de diferir la revascularización basándose en la reserva fraccional de flujo (FFR) o en el índice instantáneo libre de ondas (iFR) en pacientes con diabetes mellitus. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo, unicéntrico, de pacientes con estenosis coronarias intermedias en quienes se había diferido la revascularización en función de unos valores de FFR > 0,80 o de iFR > 0,89. Se analizó la incidencia a largo plazo de eventos cardiovasculares adversos mayores, una combinación de muerte por cualquier causa, infarto miocárdico y revascularización del vaso diana (RVD) en pacientes con y sin diabetes. También se evaluó la incidencia de RVD según el tipo de índice fisiológico utilizado para diferir la revascularización. Resultados: Se evaluaron 164 pacientes diabéticos (214 vasos) y 280 pacientes no diabéticos (379 vasos), con una mediana de seguimiento de 43 meses. No se observaron diferencias significativas en los eventos cardiovasculares adversos mayores entre pacientes con y sin diabetes mellitus (20,1 frente a 13,2%; p = 0,245). La mortalidad por cualquier causa y de causa cardiaca no fue estadísticamente diferente entre ambos grupos en el análisis ajustado (p > 0,05). Se observó una tendencia a una mayor incidencia de infarto de miocardio en los pacientes con diabetes mellitus (6,7 frente a 2,9%; p = 0,063), pero el infarto relacionado con el vaso diana fue similar en ambos grupos (p = 0,906). En general, la RVD fue similar en diabéticos y no diabéticos (4,7 frente a 4,2%; p = 0,787); sin embargo, cuando se analizó según el índice fisiológico, los diabéticos tuvieron una mayor tasa numérica de RVD cuando se utilizó la FFR en la toma de decisiones en comparación con el iFR (6,4 frente a 0,0%; p = 0,064). Conclusiones: Diferir la revascularización de estenosis intermedias en pacientes con diabetes mellitus según la FFR o el iFR es seguro en términos de RVD e infarto relacionado con el vaso diana, con una tasa de eventos en el seguimiento a largo plazo similar a la observada en pacientes sin diabetes mellitus.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: The safety of physiology-based revascularization in patients with diabetes mellitus has been scarcely investigated. Our objective was to determine the safety of deferring revascularization based on the fractional flow reserve (FFR) or the instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) in diabetic patients. Methods: Single-center, retrospective analysis of patients with intermediate coronary stenoses in whom revascularization was deferred based on FFR > 0.80 or iFR > 0.89 values. The long-term rate of major adverse cardiovascular events, a composite of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization (TVR), was assessed in diabetic and non-diabetic patients at the follow-up. The rate of TVR based on the type of physiological index used to defer the lesion was also evaluated. Results: We evaluated 164 diabetic (214 vessels) and 280 non-diabetic patients (379 vessels). No significant differences in the rate of major adverse cardiovascular events was seen between diabetic and non-diabetic patients (20.1% vs 13.2%; P = .245) at a median follow-up of 43 months. All-cause mortality and cardiac death were not statistically different between both groups in the adjusted analysis (P > .05). A trend towards a higher rate of myocardial infarction was seen in diabetic patients (6.7% vs 2.9%; P = .063). However, the rate of target vessel myocardial infarction was similar in both groups (P = .874). Overall, TVR was similar in diabetics and non-diabetics (4.7% vs 4.2%; P = .814); however, when analyzed based on the physiological index, numerically, diabetics had a higher rate of TVR when the FFR was used in the decision-making process compared to when the iFR was used (6.4% vs 0.0%; P = .064). Conclusions: Deferring the revascularization of intermediate stenoses in patients with DM based on the FFR or the iFR is safe regarding the risk of TVR or target vessel myocardial infarction, with a rate of events at the long-term follow-up similar to that seen in non-diabetic patients.

PREGUNTA: ¿Qué tipos de abordaje invasivo por catéter existen para la tromboembolia pulmonar aguda hoy en día? Descríbanos brevemente las técnicas. RESPUESTA: La terapia dirigida por catéter (TDC) en la tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP) se puede dividir en tres categorías: la trombectomía mecánica, la trombolisis local y la combinación de ambas. La trombectomía mecánica (TM) consiste fundamentalmente en la fragmentación y la aspiración o extracción del trombo. En la fragmentación se utilizan dispositivos no específicos de TDC, como un catéter pig-tail (rotación forzada dentro del trombo) o un balón de dilatación, para romper y fenestrar la oclusión trombótica, de manera que se logre mejorar el flujo a zonas completamente ocluidas. Es una técnica poco precisa y poco reproducible, que tal vez se irá abandonando a medida que avancen los dispositivos específicos. Se suele realizar en primer lugar como facilitador de la aspiración o la penetración del fármaco trombolítico. En la aspiración o extracción del trombo se emplean catéteres huecos de diferentes calibres para aspirar el trombo. La técnica es muy dependiente de la antigüedad del trombo (más eficaz cuanto más agudo sea el caso) y del calibre del catéter de aspiración. Se puede usar material no específico de intervencionismo coronario (un catéter guía...

QUESTION: What types of catheter-based invasive approaches are available today to treat acute pulmonary thromboembolism? Please give us a brief description of the techniques used. ANSWER: Catheter-directed therapy (CDT) to treat pulmonary thromboembolism falls into 3 different categories: mechanical thrombectomy, local thrombolysis, and a combination of both. Mechanical thrombectomy (MT) consists of thrombus fragmentation, aspiration or removal. Fragmentation consists of using CDT nonspecific devices such as pig-tail catheters (forced rotation inside the thrombus) or dilatation balloons to break down and fenestrate the thrombotic occlusion to improve flow towards completely occluded regions. This technique is not very precise or reproducible so as new specific devices appear it will probably fall into oblivion. It is often used as an early facilitator of aspiration or penetration of the thrombolytic drug. Thrombus aspiration or removal consists of using hollow catheters of different calibers to aspirate the thrombus. This technique is highly dependent on the age the thrombus (more effective the more acute the case is) and the caliber of the aspiration catheter. Nonspecific material for coronary interventions (guide catheters of up to 8-Fr) or structural or peripheral heart procedures can be used (long introducers or sheaths > 8 Fr),...

Este trabajo es una reflexión sobre nuestro tiempo y su vinculación con una manifestación clínica en aumento, cual es el fenómeno de las autolesiones. Se realizó un estudio focalizado por conveniencia a través de una entrevista clínica semiestructurada a 20 jóvenes que se generaban cortes en la piel, lo que incluyó variables de análisis relacionadas con: familia, identidad, función del síntoma y contexto. Los resultados revelaron que la conducta de autolesionarse se relacionaba con los cambios ocurridos en la sociedad occidental durante los últimos 50 años, tanto en lo relativo a la familia, como a la nueva forma de relacionarse a través de las redes sociales, en que primaría la comunicación virtual, masiva y anónima, por sobre la personal y real. Este hecho incidiría en la dificultad para consolidar una identidad, lo que se refleja en una imagen frágil e inestable de sí mismo, una dependencia del entorno aumentada, y serias dificultades para manejar y contener afectos de alta intensidad, llevándolo así a autolesionarse como forma de gestionar estas emociones. Finalmente, para enriquecer el análisis, se incorporaron las propuestas de la filosofía y sociología sobre las particularidades de nuestro tiempo, específicamente los aportes de Chul-Han, Luis Zoja, Zygmunt Bauman y James Côtè.

Sr. Editor: Las infecciones agudas por el SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) han provocado una pandemia global desde que aparecieran los primeros casos en Wuhan (China) en diciembre de 2019. La primera oleada de casos de COVID-19 que golpeó Europa occidental azotó los sistemas de salud pública y provocó confinamientos de la población entre los meses de marzo y mayo de 2020. En lo que respecta a las implicaciones cardiovasculares, la COVID-19 se asocia a índices más altos de mortalidad intrahospitalaria en pacientes con síndromes coronarios1. Entre otros, se ha sugerido un mayor riesgo trombogénico como mecanismo subyacente de este mayor índice de eventos adversos2. Posteriormente, estudios observacionales han sugerido que ocurren muchas más trombosis de los stents durante las infecciones agudas por COVID-193. Los posibles mecanismos subyacentes de esta trombosis del stent son la endotelitis, la activación plaquetaria y la coagulopatía. Se desconoce si estos mecanismos implican también un aumento de eventos cardiovasculares adversos tardíos o fracaso del stent. Anteriormente, ya se observó una mayor mortalidad a 30 días en pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo y COVID-19 comparados con pacientes sin COVID-194. Posteriores estudios han confirmado unos índices similares de mortalidad tras la ocurrencia de infartos de miocardio en esta población5. El objetivo de este...

To the Editor, Acute SARS-CoV-2 infections (COVID-19) have caused a global pandemic since the first cases were described in Wuhan, China, back in December 2019. The first wave of COVID-19 cases in Western Europe led to substantial healthcare disruption and population lockdowns from March 2020 through May 2020. Regarding the cardiovascular implications, COVID-19 has been associated with higher in-hospital mortality rates in patients with coronary syndromes.1 Among others, a higher thrombogenic risk has been proposed as the underlying mechanism of this increased rate of adverse events.2 Subsequently, observational studies have suggested an increased number of stent thrombosis during acute COVID-19 infections.3 The underlying mechanisms of this stent thrombosis are endotheliitis, platelet activation, and coagulopathy. It is unknown whether these mechanisms could also lead to late adverse cardiovascular events or stent failure. We previously reported on an increased 30-day mortality rate in patients with acute coronary syndrome and COVID-19 compared to non-COVID-19 patients.4 Later studies confirmed similar rates of death after myocardial infarction.5 This study aimed to analyze the 1-year rate of adverse cardiovascular events and stent failure in consecutive patients referred for coronary angiography from March through April 2020. All the participant patients gave their informed consent and the project was approved by...

We present a data-driven or non-intrusive reduced-order model (NIROM) which is capable of making predictions for a significantly larger domain than the one used to generate the snapshots or training data. This development relies on the combination of a novel way of sampling the training data (which frees the NIROM from its dependency on the original problem domain) and a domain decomposition approach (which partitions unseen geometries in a manner consistent with the sub-sampling approach). The method extends current capabilities of reduced-order models to generalise, i.e., to make predictions for unseen scenarios. The method is applied to a 2D test case which simulates the chaotic time-dependent flow of air past buildings at a moderate Reynolds number using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The procedure for 3D problems is similar, however, a 2D test case is considered sufficient here, as a proof-of-concept. The reduced-order model consists of a sampling technique to obtain the snapshots; a convolutional autoencoder for dimensionality reduction; an adversarial network for prediction; all set within a domain decomposition framework. The autoencoder is chosen for dimensionality reduction as it has been demonstrated in the literature that these networks can compress information more efficiently than traditional (linear) approaches based on singular value decomposition. In order to keep the predictions realistic, properties of adversarial networks are exploited. To demonstrate its ability to generalise, once trained, the method is applied to a larger domain which has a different arrangement of buildings. Statistical properties of the flows from the reduced-order model are compared with those from the CFD model in order to establish how realistic the predictions are.

Diabetes mellitus is a comorbidity that is present in 20% to 30% of the patients with coronary artery disease and an indication for revascularization. Also, it poses a scenario of greater complexity for several reasons. The presence of diabetes is associated with more extensive, diffuse, calcified coronary artery disease, and graft and stent failure. All of it is associated with a higher risk of repeat revascularizations and worse prognosis for the patients, which is why diabetes is a differential element here since it establishes the revascularization method in patients with multivessel disease based on the clinical practice guidelines.1 Currently, the recommendation of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is superior to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in diabetic patients. This indication comes from numerous studies being the FREEDOM trial2 one of the most important of all. However, are patients from the routine clinical practice or real-world patients similar to those included in these clinical trials? In this sense, the study conducted by Puyol-Ruiz et al.3 recently published in REC: Interventional Cardiology provides valuable observational information on the results of coronary revascularization in diabetic patients in the routine clinical practice. This study shows the results from a historical cohort (2012-2014) of 733 patients with...

La diabetes mellitus es una comorbilidad que aparece en un 20-30% de los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria e indicación de revascularización, y constituye un escenario de mayor complejidad por numerosas razones. La presencia de diabetes se asocia con una enfermedad coronaria más extensa, difusa y calcificada, y con fallo de injerto y stent. Todo ello comporta un mayor riesgo de revascularizaciones repetidas y un peor pronóstico para los pacientes, por lo que la diabetes es un elemento diferencial al establecer el método de revascularización en pacientes con enfermedad multivaso, según las guías de práctica clínica1. Actualmente, la recomendación de cirugía de revascularización coronaria (CABG) es superior a la de intervención coronaria percutánea (ICP) en los pacientes diabéticos. Esta indicación se deriva de numerosos estudios, de los cuales uno de los más importantes es el FREEDOM2. Ahora bien, ¿son los pacientes de la práctica clínica o de la vida real similares a los incluidos en estos ensayos clínicos? En este sentido, el estudio de Puyol-Ruiz et al.3 recientemente publicado en REC: Interventional Cardiology aporta una valiosa información observacional sobre los resultados de la revascularización coronaria en diabéticos en la práctica clínica habitual. Este trabajo presenta los resultados de una cohorte histórica (2012-2014)...

Abstract Background During COVID-19 pandemic, elective invasive cardiac procedures (ICP) have been frequently cancelled or postponed. Consequences may be more evident in patients with diabetes. Objectives The objective was to identify the peculiarities of patients with DM among those in whom ICP were cancelled or postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to identify subgroups in which the influence of DM has higher impact on the clinical outcome. Methods We included 2,158 patients in whom an elective ICP was cancelled or postponed during COVID-19 pandemic in 37 hospitals in Spain. Among them, 700 (32.4%) were diabetics. Patients with and without diabetes were compared. Results Patients with diabetes were older and had a higher prevalence of other cardiovascular risk factors, previous cardiovascular history and co-morbidities. Diabetics had a higher mortality (3.0% vs. 1.0%; p = 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (1.9% vs. 0.4%; p = 0.001). Differences were especially important in patients with valvular heart disease (mortality 6.9% vs 1.7% [p

La deficiencia de yodo (DI) causa daño a través de todos los ciclos de la vida, la vulnerabilidad es mayor durante la gestación y la infancia. La yodación universal de la sal (IUS) para consumo humano es la estrategia más costo-efectiva y sostenible para su control. Perú ha logrado la eliminación sostenida de los desórdenes por deficiencia de yodo (DDI) desde 1994. Objetivo: Determinar la efectividad del programa nacional de control de los DDI y la estrategia IUS para satisfacer el mayor requerimiento de yodo y asegurar la nutrición óptima de yodo de las mujeres embarazadas de la sierra, una región con severa deficiencia natural de yodo. Material y Métodos: El estudio ha incluido a 489 mujeres embarazadas de la sierra, seleccionadas entre las asistentes a control pre natal en los centros asistenciales. En cada sujeto se verificó el consumo de sal yodada y se colectó una muestra casual de orina para el análisis de la concentración de yodo y creatinina. Resultados: Según la encuesta de admisión el 99.6 % de los hogares consumen sal yodada. La mediana global de la concentración urinaria de yodo (CUI) 209 μg/L está dentro del rango adecuado para gestantes y demuestra un estado nutricional de yodo normal. La concentración de creatinina en la orina es normal. Conclusión: Estos resultados confirman la eficiencia y el éxito del programa nacional para la eliminación sostenida de los DDI, garantizando la nutrición normal de yodo durante la gestación y, por lo tanto, previniendo el riesgo de daño cerebral de los recién nacidos cada año en la sierra.

Background: The Watchman FLX is a device upgrade of the Watchman 2.5 that incorporates several design enhancements intended to simplify left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) and improve procedural outcomes. This study compares peri-procedural results of LAAO with Watchman FLX (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, Massachusetts) in centers with varying degrees of experience with the Watchman 2.5 and Watchman FLX. Methods: Prospective, multicenter, “real-world” registry including consecutive patients undergoing LAAO with the Watchman FLX at 26 Spanish sites (FLX-SPA registry). Implanting centers were classified according to the center’s prior experience with the Watchman 2.5. A further division of centers according to whether or not they had performed ≤ 10 or > 10Watchman FLX implants was prespecified at the beginning of the study. Procedural outcomes of institutions stratified according to their experience with the Watchman 2.5 and FLX devices were compared. Results: 359 patients [mean age 75.5 (SD8.1), CHA2DS2-VASc 4.4 (SD1.4), HAS-BLED 3.8(SD0.9)] were included. Global success rate was 98.6%, successful LAAO with the first selected device size was achieved in 95.5% patients and the device was implanted at first attempt in 78.6% cases. There were only 9(2.5%) major peri-procedural complications. No differences in efficacy or safety results according to the centeŕs previous experience with Watchman 2.5 and procedural volume with Watchman FLX existed. Conclusions: The Watchman FLX attains high procedural success rates with complete LAA sealing in unselected, real-world patients, along with a low incidence of peri-procedural complications, regardless of operatoŕs experience with its previous device iteration or the number of Watchman FLX devices implanted.

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Recent publications suggest that bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) are associated with an excess of thrombotic complications. We present the real-world, long-term results of a series of patients who received the Absorb BVS (Abbott Vascular, United States). Methods: A total of 213 consecutive patients who received at least 1 BVS between May 2012 and December 2016 were analyzed. The main objective of the study was the rate of target vessel failure, a composite endpoint of infarction or target vessel revascularization and cardiac death. Results: Seventy-five per cent of the patients were men (mean age, 61.4 years). The most common cause for admission was non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (53.52%). The median follow-up was 44 months [28 months], the rate of the primary endpoint was 6.57% for the first 24 months and 7.98% at the end of the follow-up. Regarding the device, there were 6 cases (2.81%) of thrombosis (definitive, probable or possible) and 10 cases (4.69%) of restenosis. Patients with a past medical history of diabetes mellitus (HR, 1.72; 95%CI, 1.01-2.95; P = .05) and/or chronic oral anticoagulation (HR, 5.71; 95%CI, 1.12-28.94; P = .04) had a higher risk of target vessel failure. Conclusions: In this series of patients, the rate of target vessel failure was similar to the one previously described by randomized clinical trials. Events were more common during the first 2 years of follow-up and in the presence of greater cardiovascular comorbidity.

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: Las publicaciones sugieren que los armazones vasculares bioabsorbibles (AVB) conllevan un exceso de complicaciones trombóticas. Se describen los resultados en la vida real y a largo plazo de una serie de pacientes a los que se implantó un AVB Absorb (Abbott Vascular, EE.UU.). Métodos: Se analizaron 213 pacientes consecutivos que recibieron al menos un AVB entre mayo de 2012 y diciembre de 2016. El objetivo principal del estudio fue la incidencia de fracaso del vaso diana, un evento compuesto que incluye infarto de miocardio, revascularización del vaso diana y muerte cardiaca. Resultados: El 75% de los pacientes eran varones (edad media, 61,4 años). La causa más común de ingreso fue el infarto sin elevación del ST (53,52%). La mediana de seguimiento fue de 44 meses [28 meses]. La incidencia del evento primario fue del 6,57% durante los primeros 24 meses y del 7,98% al final del seguimiento. Respecto al dispositivo, hubo 6 casos (2,81%) de trombosis (definitiva, probable o posible) y 10 casos (4,69%) de reestenosis. Los pacientes con antecedentes de diabetes mellitus (HR = 1,72; IC95%, 1,01-2,95; p = 0,05) o con anticoagulación oral crónica (HR = 5,71; IC95%, 1,12-28,94; p = 0,04) tuvieron mayor riesgo de fracaso del vaso diana. Conclusiones: En esta serie de pacientes, la incidencia de fracaso del vaso diana fue comparable a la descrita previamente en ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Los eventos adversos fueron más frecuentes en los primeros 2 años de seguimiento y en presencia de mayor comorbilidad cardiovascular.

To the Editor, The anomalous origin of coronary arteries is a rare entity (overall rate < 1 for every 300 000 live births), and often appears concomitantly with other congenital heart defects.1 The anomalous origin of the left circumflex artery (LCx) from the right coronary artery (RCA), the right sinus of Valsalva or the separate origin of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) and LCx all have been reported.2,3 However, an anomalous origin of the LCx from the pulmonary artery (PA) or its branches is extremely rare.4 A 39-year-old male presented with palpitations and atypical chest pain of 12-hour duration in a context of vomits, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Three weeks prior to admission he had reported the presence of catarrhal symptoms. Prior to the current admission the patient recounted several episodes of chest tightness while performing high-intensity physical exercise. The patient’s past medical history included a non-dysfunctional bicuspid aortic valve and aortic coarctation. Coarctation was initially corrected (1995) with a subclavian artery-to-descending aorta bypass graft. Ten years later he underwent further surgical repair using an interposition tube graft. A diagnosis of acute myocarditis was considered likely. Upon admission the electrocardiogram showed sinus rhythm with normal progression of R waves and...

Sr. Editor: El origen anómalo de las arterias coronarias es una entidad rara (la incidencia global es de < 1 por cada 300.000 nacidos vivos) y suele ser concomitante con otros defectos cardiacos congénitos1. El origen anómalo de la circunfleja izquierda (Cx) desde la coronaria derecha (CD), el seno de Valsalva derecho o el origen aislado de la descendente anterior (DA) y la Cx está bien descrito en la literatura médica2,3. No obstante, el origen anómalo de la Cx desde la arteria pulmonar (AP) o desde sus ramas es una entidad extremadamente rara4. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 39 años que acudió al hospital con un cuadro de palpitaciones y dolor torácico atípico de 12 horas de evolución en un contexto de vómitos, diarrea y dolor abdominal. Tres semanas antes de su hospitalización había referido síntomas catarrales. Antes de la presente hospitalización, el paciente había relatado varios episodios de opresión torácica durante la realización de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad. La historia clínica del paciente mostraba una válvula aórtica bicúspide normofuncionante y una coartación de aorta. La coartación se corrigió inicialmente en 1995 con una derivación desde la arteria subclavia hasta la aorta descendente. Diez años después, se le realizó...

Sr. Editor: Aunque la utilización de nuevos stents ha mejorado los resultados tras una angioplastia coronaria, el desarrollo de reestenosis del stent (RIS) continúa siendo uno de los principales problemas tras este tipo de intervenciones. Se define la RIS como aquella estenosis > 50% que se desarrolla en un segmento del stent o en sus bordes (hasta 5 mm), generalmente secundaria a una proliferación neointimal progresiva. Se ha descrito hasta casi en un 30% de los enfermos que han recibido un stent convencional y en un 10% de los portadores de uno farmacoactivo1-3.

To the Editor, Although the use of new stents has improved the results after coronary angioplasty, the development of in-stent restenosis (ISR) is still one of the leading problems following these interventions. ISR is defined as a stenosis > 50% developing in a segment or border of the stent (up to 5 mm). It is often due to progressive neointimal proliferation and has been reported in up to 30% of the patients with conventional stents and 10% of drug-eluting stent carriers.1-3

Device-related thrombus (DRT) after left atrial appendage (LAA) closure is infrequent but correlates with an increased risk of thromboembolism. Therefore, the search for DRT predictors is a topic of interest. In the literature, multivariable methods have been used achieving non-consistent results, and to the best of our knowledge, machine learning techniques have not been used yet for thrombus detection after LAA occlusion. Our aim is to compare both methodologies with respect to predictive power and the search for predictors of DRT. To this end, a multicenter study including 1150 patients who underwent LAA closure was analyzed. Two lines of experiments were performed: with and without resampling. Multivariate and machine learning methodologies were applied to both lines. Predictive power and the extracted predictors for all experiments were gathered. ROC curves of 0.5446 and 0.7974 were obtained for multivariate analysis and machine learning without resampling, respectively. However, the resampling experiment showed no significant difference between them (0.52 vs. 0.53 ROC AUC). A difference between the predictors selected was observed, with the multivariable methodology being more stable. These results question the validity of predictors reported in previous studies and demonstrate their disparity. Furthermore, none of the techniques analyzed is superior to the other for these data.

Sr. Editor: La enfermedad por infección del virus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) ha tenido un impacto significativo sobre la atención de otras enfermedades. En concreto, hay datos de encuestas realizadas en unidades coronarias1 y unidades de cardiología intervencionista2 que demuestran una reducción del número de ingresos por infarto de miocardio y de intervenciones coronarias, respectivamente. Aunque se trata de datos retrospectivos observacionales que no permiten establecer relaciones causales, es una información valiosa y, posiblemente, la única disponible. Se han propuesto diversas justificaciones para explicar esta reducción del 40-50% de los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA) atendidos en hospitales. La primera, que se habría producido una verdadera disminución de los casos incidentes de SCA (epidemia de salud) en relación con el reposo físico de la población y la reducción de la contaminación atmosférica3. La segunda, que se debería a una menor asistencia voluntaria a las consultas por parte de los pacientes, por miedo a contagiarse de la COVID-19 en los hospitales y por evitar la saturación de los servicios sanitarios. Finalmente, la tercera, que sería por un empeoramiento de la calidad asistencial debido a la saturación de los servicios de emergencias y un sesgo diagnóstico desde el SCA hacia la COVID-19. Hemos realizado un estudio para analizar...

To the Editor, The infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) has impacted significantly the management of other conditions. In particular, the data from surveys conducted in coronary1 and interventional cardiology units2 show fewer admissions due to myocardial infarctions and coronary interventions, respectively. Although these are observational and retrospective data that cannot be used to establish causal relations, they are valuable information, actually they may be the only information available to this day. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain this 40% to 50% drop in the number of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) managed at the hospital setting. The first hypothesis is that a true reduction of new cases of ACS (health epidemic) would have been due to the population physical rest and reduction of air pollution.3 The second one is that it was due to the patients’ lower attendance rate on fears of acquiring COVID-19 in the hospital setting and to avoid saturating health services. The third hypothesis is that it was due to the worse quality of care of the healthcare system due to saturated ERs and diagnostic biases from ACS towards COVID-19. We conducted a study to analyze the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the new cases of ACS that were...

Current bird populations in southern temperate latitudes often represent relicts of glacial refugia from which northern populations expanded as the climate became suitable following the last glacial maximum, 18 000 years before present. Alternatively, these southern populations could be the result of the fragmentation of large distributions and other processes not related to glaciations, like recent recolonization from northern populations and human impact in historical times. Here, we investigate the origin of a small, isolated population of rooks Corvus frugilegus in north‐western Iberia. We use genetic data from mitochondrial sequence markers and seven microsatellite loci to assess levels of genetic diversity, structure and gene flow among extant populations in Iberia and its broad distribution across western Europe. Microsatellite markers revealed the existence of two genetic clusters corresponding to Iberia and the remaining European populations, respectively. Haplotype networks based on mtDNA markers revealed a marked star‐like phylogenetic pattern and evidence of a recent population expansion in northern Europe, but not in the Iberian population. Our results suggest that contemporary gene flow between Iberia and western Europe is restricted, and that breeding recruitment over recent generations in the Iberian population is local. The results are consistent with a relatively recent post‐glacial colonization of Europe and western Siberia by rooks surviving the last glacial maximum in an Iberian refugium, and likely from refugia in other southern peninsulas. The unique ecological features and genetic differentiation of the Iberian rooks underscore the importance of ensuring the long‐term conservation of this declining population.

Mitral valve disease, and in particular mitral regurgitation, is a common clinical entity. Until recently, surgical repair and replacement were the only therapeutic options available, leaving many patients untreated mostly due to excessive surgical risk. Over the last number of years, huge strides have been made regarding percutaneous, catheter-based solutions for mitral valve disease. Transcatheter repair procedures have most commonly been used, and in recent years there has been exponential growth in the number of devices available for transcatheter mitral valve replacement. Furthermore, the evolution of these devices has resulted in both smaller delivery systems and a shift towards transeptal access, negating the need for surgical incisions. In line with these advancements, and clinical trials demonstrating promising outcomes in carefully selected cases, recent guidelines have strengthened their recommendations for these devices. It is appropriate, therefore, to now review the current transcatheter repair and replacement devices available and the evidence for their use.

BackgroundWe aimed to compare the performance of the recent CASTLE score to J-CTO, CL and PROGRESS CTO scores in a comprehensive database of percutaneous coronary intervention of chronic total occlusion procedures.MethodsScores were calculated using raw data from 1,342 chronic total occlusion procedures included in REBECO Registry that includes learning and expert operators. Calibration, discrimination and reclassification were evaluated and compared.ResultsMean score values were: CASTLE 1.60±1.10, J-CTO 2.15±1.24, PROGRESS 1.68±0.94 and CL 2.52±1.52 points. The overall percutaneous coronary intervention success rate was 77.8%. Calibration was good for CASTLE and CL, but not for J-CTO or PROGRESS scores. Discrimination: the area under the curve (AUC) of CASTLE (0.633) was significantly higher than PROGRESS (0.557) and similar to J-CTO (0.628) and CL (0.652). Reclassification: CASTLE, as assessed by integrated discrimination improvement, was superior to PROGRESS (integrated discrimination improvement +0.036, pConclusionProcedural percutaneous coronary intervention difficulty is not consistently depicted by available chronic total occlusion scores and is influenced by the characteristics of each chronic total occlusion cohort. In our study population, including expert and learning operators, the CASTLE score had slightly better overall performance along with CL score. However, we found only intermediate performance in the c-statistic predicting chronic total occlusion success among all scores.

ABSTRACT Introduction and objectives: The PSP (pre-dilation, sizing and post-dilation) score, derived from the GHOST-EU registry, has evaluated the relationship between the implantation technique of bioresorbable scaffolds and the clinical outcomes. The objective was to perform an external validation of the PSP technique and to determine its effect on adverse cardiac events in various clinical and anatomical scenarios. Methods: Data from the REPARA registry (2230 patients) were used for external validation, whereas a common database combining REPARA and GHOST-EU (3250 patients) data was used to evaluate the effect of PSP technique in various clinical and anatomical scenarios. PSP-1 and PSP-3 were used to score the appropriateness of pre-dilation, scaffold sizing, and post-dilation. The primary endpoint was 1-year device-oriented composite endpoint of cardiac death, target-vessel myocardial infarction, and target-lesion revascularization. The definite/probable scaffold thrombosis according to the Academic Research Consortium criteria was also evaluated. Results: A total of 303 (18.2%) patients were treated with an optimal PSP-1, and 182 (8.2%) with an optimal PSP-3. The external validation showed that PSP has a very high negative predictive value for device-oriented composite endpoint and scaffold thrombosis (91.8% and 89.1% for PSP-1; 98.4% and 97.3% for PSP-3, respectively). Patients with an optimal PSP-3 had a numerically lower rate of device-oriented composite endpoint and scaffold thrombosis compared to those without it (0.5% vs 2.9%; P = .085 and 0.5% vs 1.8%; P = .248, respectively). In the merged database, PSP benefits were seen on many scenarios, except in the ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction where a trend towards no benefit of an optimal PSP technique was present (Pinteraction = .100). Conclusions: In the REPARA registry, at 1-year follow-up, an optimal PSP technique was not associated with a lower rate of device-oriented composite endpoint. Further research is necessary to assess the impact of the PSP technique in longer follow-ups.

RESUMEN Introducción y objetivos: La escala de puntuación PSP (pre-dilation, sizing and post-dilation), derivada del registro GHOST-EU, evalúa la relación entre la técnica de implante de los armazones bioabsorbibles y los resultados clínicos. El objetivo fue realizar una validación externa de la escala PSP y determinar su efecto en eventos adversos cardiacos en diversos escenarios clínicos y anatómicos. Métodos: Para la validación externa se emplearon los datos del registro REPARA (2.230 pacientes), mientras que se utilizó una base de datos común que combina datos de REPARA y GHOST-EU (3.250 pacientes) para evaluar el efecto de la técnica PSP en varios escenarios clínicos y anatómicos. Se usó PSP-1 y PSP-3 para calificar la calidad de la predilatación, el dimensionamiento de los armazones y la posdilatación. El objetivo primario fue la variable compuesta orientada al dispositivo (muerte cardiaca, infarto de miocardio del vaso diana y revascularización de la lesión diana) a 1 año. También se evaluó la trombosis definitiva o probable del armazón según los criterios del Academic Research Consortium. Resultados: Se trató a 303 (18,2%) pacientes con una PSP-1 óptima y a 182 (8,2%) con una PSP-3 óptima. La validación externa mostró que la escala PSP tiene un valor predictivo negativo muy alto para el objetivo primario compuesto orientado al dispositivo y la trombosis del armazón (91,8 y 89,1% para PSP-1; 98,4 y 97,3% para PSP-3, respectivamente). En pacientes con PSP-3 óptimo, el objetivo primario compuesto orientado al dispositivo y la trombosis del armazón fueron numéricamente inferiores en comparación con los pacientes sin PSP-3 óptimo (0,5 frente a 2,9%; p = 0,085; y 0,5 frente a 1,8%; p = 0,248, respectivamente). En la base de datos combinada, los beneficios de la escala PSP se observaron en diversos escenarios, excepto en el de infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST, en el que se observó una tendencia hacia laausencia de beneficios de una técnica de PSP óptima (pinteracción = 0,100). Conclusiones: Una técnica de PSP óptima no se asoció con una tasa más baja del objetivo primario compuesto orientado al dispositivo. Se necesitan nuevos estudios para evaluar el impacto de la técnica de PSP con un seguimiento más prolongado.

Este artículo comunica los resultados de un estudio cualitativo de casos múltiples que buscó conocer los significados y debates presentes en relación con el reconocimiento de los estudiantes LGTBI en las escuelas chilenas. La investigación recogió información mediante análisis documental, entrevistas y grupos focales a diversos actores escolares, y observación no participante en ocho escuelas del país. El artículo indaga en cómo se expresa la justicia de reconocimiento en comunidades escolares, entendida como la visibilización de las expresiones e identidades de género y la diversidad sexual y, además, la existencia de prácticas y experiencias pedagógicas que permitan que las y los estudiantes LGTBI construyan seguridad en sí mismos. Los resultados indican que si bien existen algunos avances en torno al reconocimiento de las identidades de género y la diversidad sexual en el sistema escolar chileno, estos son parciales y frágiles. El respeto a la diversidad es un principio presente en los discursos de los actores escolares, pero ello no significa cuestionar la hegemonía de la heteronormatividad en el currículo ni en las prácticas de enseñanza. Sin embargo, las y los estudiantes y las y los directores, en contextos de mayor capital cultural y/o movilización política, comienzan a gatillar cambios importantes en el reconocimiento como justicia educacional.

Varón de 61 años portador de stent farmacoactivo (SFA) implantado hace 5 años (no hay más información disponible) que ingresa con un cuadro de infarto agudo de miocardio anterior. La coronariografía urgente reveló la presencia de una trombosis del stent muy tardía (TSMT) (figura 1A, stent indicado por flechas verdes, vídeo 1 del material adicional). Se consiguió avanzar, fácilmente, una guía Sion (Asahi Intecc) pero el catéter de tromboaspiración no consiguió cruzar la oclusión. Se optó por emplear un balón distensible de 2,5 mm que sí cruzó fácilmente la oclusión restaurando el flujo sanguíneo (figura 1B, vídeo 2 del material adicional). La ecocardiografía intravascular (IVUS) que se realizó confirmó la deformación del segmento proximal del stent (aplastamiento parcial) (figura 2A, las flechas rojas señalan los struts aplastados) y una notable infradimensión e infraexpansión del stent (diámetro medio del stent de 2,75 mm, flechas verdes, y diámetro de referencia de 4,5 mm, línea azul, figura 2B). La imagen angiográfica de realce del stent confirmó los hallazgos de la IVUS. Teniendo en cuenta la deformación del stent y la discordancia entre el stent y el tamaño del vaso, se optó por dilatar con un balón no distensible de 4 mm (20 atmósferas) e implantar un nuevo SFA de 4 mm x 28 mm con excelente resultado final (figura 3, vídeo 3 del material adicional). Se observa la presencia de posible puente intramiocárdico distal.

A 61-year-old male with a drug-eluting stent (DES) implanted 5 years ago (no further information) was admitted with anterior myocardial infarction. The emergent coronary angiography performed revealed the presence of very late stent thrombosis (VLST) (figure 1A, stent in green arrows, video 1 of the supplementary data). A Sion wire (Asahi Intecc) was easily advanced, but thromboaspiration catheter failed to cross. A 2.5 mm compliant balloon that crossed easily was used to restore the flow (figure 1B, video 2 of the supplementary data). Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) revealed the presence of proximal stent deformation (partial crush) (figure 2A, red arrows indicating crushed struts); and significant undersizing or underexpansion (average stent diameter of 2.75 mm, green arrows and 4.5 mm reference diameter, blue line, figure 2B). Stent enhancement confirmed the IVUS findings. Given the deformation of the stent and the mismatch between the stent and the vessel size, we dilated with a 4 mm non-compliant balloon (20 atm) and implanted a new 4 mm x 28 mm DES with excellent final results (figure 3, video 3 of the supplementary data). Presence of possible distal myocardial bridging.

RESUMEN El secuestro pulmonar es una malformación congénita del tracto respiratorio inferior, rara e importante. En niños y adultos suele presentarse con infecciones pulmonares a repetición o crónicas severas. Se describió un caso de una paciente de 19 años de edad que tuvo un cuadro de sepsis respiratoria bajas a repetición. En los estudios de imágenes de tórax se evidenció opacidad homogénea en hemitórax derecho. Fue intervenida quirúrgicamente; se le realizó una lobectomía inferior derecha la cual fue diagnóstica para secuestro pulmonar, con evolución satisfactoria.

Background Sex‐specific differences may influence prognosis after deferred revascularization following fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurement. This study sought to investigate the sex differences in long‐term prognosis of patients with deferred revascularization following FFR assessment. Methods and Results A total of 879 patients (879 vessels) with deferred revascularization with FFR >0.75 who underwent FFR and coronary flow reserve measurements were enrolled from 3 countries (Korea, Japan, and Spain). Long‐term outcomes were assessed in 649 men and 230 women by the patient‐oriented composite outcome (POCO, a composite of any death, any myocardial infarction, and any revascularization). We applied inverse‐probability weighting based on propensity scores to account for differences at baseline between women and men (age, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, diameter stenosis, lesion length, multivessel disease, FFR, coronary flow reserve. The median follow‐up duration was 1855 days (745–1855 days). Median FFR values were 0.88 (0.83–0.93) in men and 0.89 (0.85–0.94) in women, respectively. The occurrences of POCO were significantly high in men compared with that in women (10.5% versus 4.2%, P=0.007). Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed that women had a significantly lower risk of POCO (χ2=7.2, P=0.007). Multivariate COX proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that age, male, diabetes mellitus, diameter stenosis, lesion length, and coronary flow reserve were independent predictors of POCO. After applying IPW, the hazard ratio of males for POCO was 2.07 (95% CI, 1.07–4.04, P=0.032). Conclusions This large multinational study reveals that long‐term outcome differs between women and men in favor of women after FFR‐guided revascularization deferral. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02186093.

Politics of Children in Latin American Cinema es un volumen colectivo, con un eje más temático que genérico o teórico, interesado en la dimensión política de la construcción del infante latinoamericano a través del cine. Los doce capítulos tienen en común la intención de una puesta al día del proceso de subjetivación de la niñez con atención y reconocimiento a los elementos de la comunicación cinematográfica, especialmente al llamado “adult gaze”. Me refiero en este caso a producciones adultas sobre un sujeto presentado como un recipiente vacío (el niño), capaz de ser llenado con elementos simbólicos que contribuyan a relaciones alegóricas infante-Estados nacionales.

Abstract Background In diabetic patients a predisposed coronary microcirculation along with a higher risk of distal particulate embolization during primary percutaneous intervention (PCI) increases the risk of peri-procedural microcirculatory damage. However, new antiplatelet agents, in particular Ticagrelor, may protect the microcirculation through its adenosine-mediated vasodilatory effects. Methods PREDICT is an original, prospective, randomized, multicenter controlled study designed to investigate the protective effect of Ticagrelor on the microcirculation during PCI in patient with diabetes mellitus type 2 or pre-diabetic status. The primary endpoints of this study aim to test (i) the decrease in microcirculatory resistance with antiplatelet therapy (Ticagrelor > Clopidogrel; mechanistic effect) and (ii) the relative microcirculatory protection of Ticagrelor compared to Clopidogrel during PCI (Ticagrelor

Background Concerns exist about reliability of pressure‐wire‐guided coronary revascularization of non‐infarct‐related arteries (non‐IRA). We investigated whether physiological assessment of non‐IRA during the subacute phase of myocardial infarction might be flawed by microcirculatory dysfunction. Methods and Results We analyzed non‐IRA that underwent fractional flow reserve, coronary flow reserve, and the index of microcirculatory resistance assessment. Microcirculation and hyperemic response were evaluated in 49 acute myocardial infarction patients (59 non‐IRA) and compared with a matched control group of 46 stable angina (SA) patients (59 vessels). Time between acute myocardial infarction to physiological interrogation was 5.9±2.4 days. Fractional flow reserve was similar in both groups (0.79±0.11 in non‐IRA versus 0.80±0.13 in SA vessels, P=0.527). Lower coronary flow reserve values were found in non‐IRA compared with SA vessels (1.77 [1.25–2.76] versus 2.44 [1.63–4.00], P=0.018), primarily driven by an increased baseline flow in non‐IRA (rest mean transit time 0.58 [0.32–0.83] versus 0.65 s [0.39–1.20], P=0.045), whereas the hyperemic flow was similar (hyperemic mean transit time 0.26 [0.20–0.42] versus 0.26 s [0.18–0.35], P=0.873). No differences were found regarding index of microcirculatory resistance (15.6 [10.4–21.8] in non‐IRA versus 16.7 [11.6–23.6] U in SA vessels, P=0.559). During adenosine infusion, the hyperemic response was similar in both groups (non‐IRA versus SA vessels) in terms of the resistive reserve ratio (3.1±2.1 versus 3.7±2.2, P=0.118). Conclusions In the subacute phase of myocardial infarction, non‐IRA show an increased baseline flow that may cause abnormal coronary flow reserve despite preserved hyperemic flow. In non‐IRA, microcirculatory resistance and adenosine‐induced hyperemic response are similar to those found in SA patients. From a physiological perspective, these findings support the use of fractional flow reserve to interrogate non‐IRA during the subacute phase of myocardial infarction.